ResourceDrug Discovery & Development
A streamlined workflow for the determination of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)
15 Nov 2023In this application note, Intabio highlights an efficient intact protein analysis workflow for determining drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs) of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). This workflow leverages high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) for accurate intact mass measurement in addition to automated protein deconvolution and DAR calculation provided by Biologics Explorer software. Average DAR values of 3.6 and 3.5 were obtained for the glycosylated (native) and deglycosylated forms of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), respectively.
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AntibodiesAntibodies are used in techniques such as confocal and fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, ELISA, ELISPOT, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and immunopreciptation. Select specific antigen reactivity, high specific affinity, low non-specific binding, monoclonal or polyclonal, primary or secondary antibodies and associated conjugates such as an enzyme or dye for visualization.Combinatorial ChemistryCombinatorial chemistry, also known as combichem, is a technique used in drug discovery to create libraries of structurally related compounds. A library is generated by synthesis with a chemical reactor system or by computer-based modeling of compound combinations. When undertaking combinatorial chemistry consider reagents, buffers, resins and standards.Data AnalysisData analysis hardware and software is available to make data processing straight-forward yet powerful. Data software can be used for math and stats, technical graphing and image analysis. In addition, software is available for specific data analysis of electrophoresis, densitometry, ELISA and DNA sequencing.ImmunologyImmunological techniques measure and characterize immune responses. Immunology kits and analysis systems often use techniques such as ELISA, radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunodiffusion assays, Immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Immunologists use equipment such as flow Cytometers, plate readers, plate washers and fluorescent microscopes.Drug DosageDosage is the size or frequency of the administration of a drug. Determination of the dosage of a drug is critical in pharmaceutical development to ensure the optimum balance between efficacy and toxicity.Antibody Drug ConjugatesBiotherapeuticsBiotherapeutics are proteins and other compounds (such as nucleic acids) produced by living organisms that have uses as therapeutics or in <i>in vivo</i> diagnostics. The most well-known example of a biotherapeutic product, and the first to be approved for therapeutic use, was recombinant human insulin.Drug DevelopmentDrug development refers to the process of bringing a new drug to market.